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Abstract. Historical processes display some degree of “contingency,” meaning their outcomes are sensitive to seemingly inconsequential events that can fundamentally change the future. Contingency is what makes historical outcomes unpredictable. Unlike many other natural phenomena, evolution is a historical process.
- What is contingent in biology?
- What is historical contingency evolution?
- What is deterministic evolution?
- Why is natural selection contingent on time and place?
- What is contingency in science?
- What's an example of convergent evolution?
- Is history contingent?
- Are mutations deterministic?
- Is evolution a deterministic process?
- What is stochastic theory?
- Are genes deterministic?
- Is determinism a theory?
- What is contingent logic?
- What is contingencies explain its need and use?
- What is necessary and contingent?
What is contingent in biology?
A key issue in the philosophy of biology is evolutionary contingency, the degree to which evolutionary outcomes could have been different. Contingency is typically contrasted with evolutionary convergence, where different evolutionary pathways result in the same or similar outcomes.
What is historical contingency evolution?
This sensitivity of outcomes to the details of history is called “historical contingency,” which Stephen Jay Gould argued was an essential feature of evolution. Gould illustrated this view by proposing the thought experiment of replay- ing life's tape to see if the living world that we know would re-evolve.
What is deterministic evolution?
evolutionary determinism The change in gene frequencies by directed or deterministic processes, in contrast with change due to random or stochastic processes. The relative importance of the two kinds of change in evolutionary development is uncertain. A Dictionary of Plant Sciences.
Why is natural selection contingent on time and place?
Likewise, natural selection is contingent only because it is dependent on the occurrence of prior historical events (e.g. random mutation) that supposedly lack counterfactual robustness.
What is contingency in science?
Abstract. Historical processes display some degree of “contingency,” meaning their outcomes are sensitive to seemingly inconsequential events that can fundamentally change the future. Contingency is what makes historical outcomes unpredictable. Unlike many other natural phenomena, evolution is a historical process.
What's an example of convergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is when different organisms independently evolve similar traits. For example, sharks and dolphins look relatively similar despite being entirely unrelated. ... Another lineage stayed put in the ocean, undergoing tweaks to become the modern shark.
Is history contingent?
Historical events are dependent (or contingent) on multiple causes that shape when, how, and why an event happened the way it did. . . . while in hindsight, the past seems to unroll in logical storylines, this was not necessarily the case for those who lived through it.
Are mutations deterministic?
The substitution rate variation is probably not caused by selection or biased gene conversion, and so we conclude that mutation rates vary deterministically across the noncoding nonrepetitive regions of the human genome.
Is evolution a deterministic process?
Biologists have concluded that developmental evolution is deterministic and orderly, rather than random, based on a study of different species of roundworms.
What is stochastic theory?
In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic (/stoʊˈkæstɪk/) or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a family of random variables. Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of systems and phenomena that appear to vary in a random manner.
Are genes deterministic?
the doctrine that human and nonhuman animal behavior and mental activity are largely (or completely) controlled by the genetic constitution of the individual and that responses to environmental influences are for the most part innately determined.
Is determinism a theory?
determinism, in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. The theory holds that the universe is utterly rational because complete knowledge of any given situation assures that unerring knowledge of its future is also possible. ...
What is contingent logic?
In modern logic, a contingency is a two-sided possibility – a state of affairs that is neither necessary nor impossible. ... (The contingent can be necessary, because in its generic sense the contingent is the same as the possible, and the necessary is possible.)
What is contingencies explain its need and use?
A contingency is a potential occurrence of a negative event in the future, such as an economic recession, natural disaster, fraudulent activity, terrorist attack, or a pandemic. ... Although contingencies can be prepared for, the nature and scope of such negative events are typically unknowable in advance.
What is necessary and contingent?
A necessary truth is one that could not have been otherwise. It would have been true under all circumstances. A contingent truth is one that is true, but could have been false.
